Nekalá súťaž

Unfair competition and unfair commercial practices of influencers: Legal analysis in the Slovak and comparative context. Influencer marketing has become a dominant and highly effective form of digital advertising, fundamentally changing traditional communication strategies. Its rapid, often unregulated growth poses significant legal challenges in the areas of unfair competition and consumer protection. This article provides a comprehensive legal analysis of influencer misconduct, including hidden advertising, misleading claims, buying fake followers, and writing fake reviews. The article systematically maps and evaluates the Slovak legal framework, covering private law regulation of unfair competition and public law regulation of unfair commercial practices. The methodology includes analysis of relevant Slovak and Czech legislation, doctrine, and application practice. An in-depth, comparative analysis of the German Federal Court of Justice, Spanish and Czech case law offers valuable interpretive guidance. The paper also assesses national self-regulatory mechanisms and gives recommendations de lege ferenda to strengthen legal certainty and protection for all in the digital market.

The Polarizing Concept of Sexist Advertising in the Context of Unfair Competition. This article offers a critical examination of the legal classification of so-called sexist advertising within the framework of unfair competition law, construed broadly to encompass the regulation of unfair commercial practices under the Czech Consumer Protection Act. Drawing on definitions articulated in soft-law mechanisms and self- regulatory initiatives; the author analyzes the development of the concept of sexist advertising and its interpretation in recent Czech case law. The study aims to integrate these conceptual frameworks into the legal architecture governing unfair competition and unfair commercial practices. Emphasis is placed on the regulatory tension between the objectives of competition law and the prohibition of discriminatory advertising. The author evaluates the potential for addressing such advertising through the general clause prohibiting "infringements of public law with competition implications". The article concludes that a reflexive and principled approach - rooted in the regulatory purposes of competition law - provides a coherent solution. Such an approach prevents the incorporation of inconsistent axiological standards into the application of unfair competition provisions, thereby safeguarding legal certainty and doctrinal consistency.

Effectiveness of legal remedies against unfair competition . This article examines the effectiveness of legal instruments designed to protect against unfair competition within the Slovak legal system. It analyzes the functionality of substantive claims for refraining from unlawful conduct and for removing defective states under the Commercial Code. The author highlights the impact of digital technologies and new marketing practices, such as greenwashing, on the current application of competition law. A significant portion of the text is dedicated to procedural aspects governed by the Civil Dispute Order, with a specific focus on the practical utility of interim measures. The study critically evaluates the institute of appropriate satisfaction, emphasizing its dual role of compensating non-material harm and serving as a preventive sanction. It also addresses the specific procedural regime for the protection of trade secrets introduced by recent harmonization with EU directives. The analysis compares the Slovak legal environment with those of Germany and the Czech Republic, noting significantly lower litigation activity by consumer associations in Slovakia. The text discusses the limited practical application of damages due to the rigorous burden of proof required to establish the causal link in competition disputes. Attention is also drawn to the complementary role of public law enforcement through the Advertising Act in cases of misleading advertising. The article concludes that while the legislative framework is robust, greater procedural activism and strategic litigation are required to achieve adequate market protection.

Unfair Competition Law in Japan: Distant, Yet So Close. Though Japan is geographically and culturally distant from Slovakia, several similarities and divergences can be observed between the two countries' unfair competition laws. This study therefore explores the most significant parallels and differences in the structure of the unfair competition law systems in both jurisdictions. It also offers a more detailed examination of two selected and interrelated forms of unfair competition-namely, passing off and the unauthorized use (dilution) of designations with reputation. The analysis concludes by highlighting certain aspects of Japanese unfair competition law and practice that could serve as inspiration for the application and further development of Slovak unfair competition law.

Skutkový stav Súd prvej inštancie rozsudkom z 3. októbra 2019 zamietol žalobu, ktorou žalobca žiadal primerané zadosťučinenie vo výške 75 000 eur od žalovaného, ktorý mu mal spôsobiť ujmu...

"Pre naplnenie znaku konania v hospodárskej súťaži podľa generálnej klauzuly nekalej súťaže je nevyhnutné preukázať existenciu priameho vzájomného súťažného vzťahu subjektov pôsobiacich na danom trhu, pričom stačí aj ich príležitostný alebo ojedinelý konkurenčný stret."

§ 44 ods. 1, § 45 ods. 1 a § 50 Obchodného zákonníka Pre naplnenie pojmových znakov nekalosúťažného konania je nevyhnutné, aby medzi rôznymi súťažiteľmi bol aj vzájomný súťažný vzťah. Prioritne je nevyhnutné posudzovať potenciálnu súťažnosť vzťahu pre záver o tom, či konanie subjektu na trhu je možné vyhodnotiť ako konanie napĺňajúce znaky zakázaného konania v právnej úprave nekalej súťaže. Je nevyhnutné najskôr skutkovo vymedziť charakter pôsobenia na relevantnom trhu, ktorý má dať základ posudzovanému konaniu, a následne sa zaoberať možným prekrývaním záujmov subjektov na takomto trhu. Vždy ide o dôsledné posúdenie charakteru konania na danom trhu a vždy výlučne vo vzťahu k tvrdeným súťažiteľom. V odôvodnených prípadoch úplne stačí aj ich príležitostný alebo ojedinelý konkurenčný stret. Uznesenie Najvyššieho súdu SR, sp. zn. 5 Obdo 9/2023

Úvod Neodkladné opatrenia sú upravené v tretej hlave tretej časti Civilného sporového poriadku (ďalej aj CSP). Táto právna úprava nadväzuje na právnu úpravu v Občianskom súdnom poriadku, ktorá tento...

Anotácia V dnešnom virtuálnom svete 21. storočia sa väčšina z nás stretla s pojmom doména, a to buď ako strana držiteľa vlastnej domény za účelom prezentácie svojich webových stránok alebo ako strana vyhľadávajúca zdroje informácií na internete. Málokto sa už zamýšľa nad doménou v právnom zmysle slova. V prostredí podnikateľského sveta predstavuje internetová doména jeden z jedinečných identifikátorov tovarov a služieb ponúkaných podnikateľským subjektom. Základným účelom doménového mena je užívateľské zjednodušenie vyhľadávania a orientácie na internete. V nasledujúcom texte sa pokúsime zodpovedať na otázky, súvisiace s pojmom doména, ako aj na načrtnúť problematiku riešenia doménových sporov pri národnej doméne.sk a pri európskej doméne.eu. Annotation In today's virtual world of the 21st century, most of us have encountered the term "domain"; either meaning a party that holds its own domain for the purpose of presenting its website or a party that looks for sources of information on the Internet. Today, hardly anyone thinks about the term domain in the legal sense of the word. In the business setting, the Internet domain represents one of the unique identifiers of goods and services offered to businesses. The basic purpose of the domain name is to make it easier for the user to search and navigate the Internet. In the following paper, we will try to answer questions regarding the term "domain"; we will also try to describe the issue of resolving legal disputes regarding the national domain sk and the European domain eu.

SKUTKOVÝ STAV Okresný súd (ďalej aj "súd prvej inštancie") rozsudkom z 24. marca 2017 rozhodol tak, že žalobu na ochranu pred nekalou súťažou zamietol a žalovanému priznal nárok na...