Vláda práva (Rule of Law) v medzinárodnom práve

The content of this article was presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Autumn School of Law "The Changes of the Rule of Law" organized by the Institution of State and Law of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (11.-19. november 2011 in Modra Harmonia).One of the most remarkable feature of the past century represents the process of the of the rule of law principles (originally rooted within the internal legal order of states) on the "higher" level of international legal order. This process has been accompanied by a number of problems due to particularities of international legal order and its differences (with the comparison of domestic legal orders of states).Despite this facts of perhaps because of these facts some concrete results of this process have been achieved and following segments of international rule of law are today generally recognized both in the practice of states and legal writing of international law:

International normativity today represents dynamic segment of international rule of law with regard of the increasing scope of its regulation combined with specialization and the tendency of universality in more important topics of international law. In its entirety represents less or more detailed and/or efficient measure in order to exclude or at least to reduce the room for wilful (arbitrary) conduct of states and other subjects of international law.

Principle of legal equality of states can be also observed within the segment of international normativity. Generally speaking its main purpose is to guarantee equal position of all states (regardless of their factual differences) the system of international law including the process of creation of its rules (both conventional and customary), process of its formal validity, the process of their practical application by equal and non discriminatory manner in relation to all state parties of valid international treaties etc.

Unlike of domestic legal orders of states where the application of responsibility is regularly preceded by the decision (s) of independent judicial bodies the situation within the segment of international normativity is different. The principal reason of such difference consists in a lack of obligatory jurisdiction of international judicial bodies (either with general or specialized jurisdiction).There is a general that the acceptation of obligatory jurisdiction of international courts (especially ICJ) would strengthen the role of rule of law especially in the sphere of so called secondary rules of international law and their enforceability.

Vláda práva (Rule of law)¹⁾ ako pôvodne vnútroštátny koncept (typický tak pre anglo- americký právny systém case law, ako aj pre kontinentálne právne poriadky) začína v priebehu 20. storočia postupne prenikať aj do oblasti medzinárodných vzťahov, a to tak do tradičných vzťahov medzi štátmi, ako aj do činnosti medzinárodných medzivládnych organizácií. Základným cieľom tohto procesu je, aby sa vzťahy medzi štátmi a inými subjektmi medzinárodného práva stali čo v najširšej možnej miere regulované právnymi pravidlami medzinárodného práva a aby takto vytváraný právny poriadok pokiaľ možno v najplnšej podobe napĺňal požiadavky vlády práva uplatňované v ich "domovských" vnútroštátnych právnych poriadkoch.

Tak doktrína, ako aj medzištátna prax však potvrdzujú, že proces takejto vnútroštátnych pravidiel vlády práva do oblasti medzinárodných vzťahov prináša problémy a má svoje špecifiká. Úvodom možno uviesť, že hoci štáty deklarujú (často na najvyššej ústavnej úrovni) rešpektovanie pravidiel vlády práva vo svojich vnútroštátnych pomeroch a poriadkoch, pokiaľ ide o plnenie medzinárodných záväzkov, tam takýto jednoznačný prístup chýba. Okrem hlavnej príčiny spočívajúcej v konfrontácii národných záujmov štátov s ich medzinárodnými záväzkami sú príčiny takéhoto "vlažnejšieho prístupu" vyvolan&eac